How Do You Register A Used Gun
Indirect fire from mortars, missiles, and artillery shells is a very serious concern for armed services in battle. Merely, thanks to point-defence force systems, similar the C-RAM, indirect fire of this nature may have met its match.
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What is C-RAM?
C-RAM, standing for "counter rocket, arms, and mortar," is an Indirect Fire Protection Adequacy (IFPC) weapons arrangement developed in order to protect ground forces and forwards operating bases from the threat of rockets, artillery, and mortars. C-RAM is not simply a single gun, rather information technology is fabricated up of a variety of different systems which provide command and control capability, along with the power to sense incoming rounds, warn, reply, and intercept.
C-RAM components include the Forward Area Air Defence force Control and Control (FAAD C2), Land-based Phalanx Weapon Systems (LPWS), Lightweight Counter Mortar Radars (LCMR), Firefinder radars, Ka-band Multi-Office Radio Frequency Systems (MFRFS), Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS), and several other components.
A main component of the C-RAM system is the LPWS. This has been modified from the U.S. Navy MK-15 Modernistic 29 Block IB, Baseline 2 Close-In Weapon System. Another component, the M61A1 20mm Gatling gun, is capable of acquiring its target and firing at a rate of 4,500 rounds per infinitesimal. The Forward Expanse Air Defense Command and Control (FAAD C2) system integrates the sensors, weapons, and alert systems to intercept incoming rocket and artillery.
One major difference between the land- and sea-based systems is the pick of armament. The naval Phalanx systems fire tungsten armor-piercing rounds, while the C-RAM uses 20mm HEIT-SD (high-explosive incendiary tracer, self-destructing) ammunition. These rounds explode on bear upon, or on tracer burnout, reducing the take chances of collateral damage if rounds neglect to striking their target.
The C-Ram's naval equivalent, the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) was start developed every bit an automated weapons defence force system in 1973, and incorporated a 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun autocannon, used since 1959.
The Navy Phalanx organisation was first appraised every bit a possible ground-based variant in 2004. Phalanx was selected partly considering it could be readily interfaced with a multitude of sensors and systems designed t o provide an overarching protection umbrella of sites on the ground.
In its land-based configuration, the LPWS system is mounted on a wheeled platform in order to provide enhanced stability on-site, and mobility for repositioning and deployment.
The Centurion C-RAM tin, for example, exist mounted on a trailer or the rear side of the Oshkosh truck. In October 2008, Raytheon and Oshkosh unveiled the Mobile Centurion, which mounts the system on a hybrid-electric HEMTT A3 heavy truck.
The first boxing-prepare C-RAM system was deployed to Iraq in 2010 in order to protect the "Green Zone" — an surface area in Baghdad used as an Amerian embassy. Trials of this system showed that it was capable of knocking out 70-fourscore% of rockets and mortar shells fired within its area of command.
In fact, the system was used to defend the embassy just before Christmas in 2020.
As of 2013, the Army Acquisition Executive (AAE) designated C-RAM Intercept an Ground forces conquering program and authorized fielding of LPWS guns and support equipment to the IFPC/Avenger battalions. Fielding is ongoing.
The C-RAM system has successfully intercepted hundreds of rockets and mortar shells fired at the "Green Zone", thereby proving the organization'south capability as a defensive organisation.
How does the C-RAM weapon system work?
Similar its naval counterpart, the C-RAM utilizes advanced search-and-rails Ku-ring radar systems that feature airtight-loop spotting applied science to automatically acquire and rail targets and engage them. Yardu-band, in case y'all are not enlightened, is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies between 12 and 18 gigahertz (GHz).
Similar systems were installed on the Space Shuttle to aid identify and track other spacecraft.
The organisation can also exist integrated with an array of other sensors and systems to help provide an overarching protective "umbrella" to protect a given location on the ground.
The weapon's main armament is the20mm "Vulcan" Gatling gun, it consists of six optimized barrels augmented with forrard-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors. The barrels are secured together at the muzzle, mid-barrel, and breech to provide enhanced accuracy and enable fire to constrain shot dispersion patterns.
The M61 is a hydraulically, electrically, or pneumatically driven, air-cooled, electrically fired Gatling-style rotary cannon that has been in used, in one form or another, on diverse fixed-fly military machine shipping, tanks, and ships, for over 5 decades. It was originally produced by Full general Electrical.
The U.S. Army also uses the M61 in the M167 and M163 air defense systems as the chief gun system on theF-14,F-fifteen, F-16, and F-xviii fighters of the USAF. The gun is also used as the tail gun on theB-52H bomber, while a lightweight variant is used on the F-22 Raptor fighter.
But all that firepower is also half the story. If yous tin't track and accurately put the cannon rounds in the right place at the right time, you basically have a fancy piece of pyrotechnics.
This is achieved through acombination of advanced sensors that enables the C-RAM to simultaneously search, rails, appoint incoming targets and prioritize targets and make kill assessments in both daytime and nighttime.
C-RAM'due south Ku-band radar arrangement enables the weapon arrangement to detect potential threats early on in their flight and and so pass on their trajectory and vector information to the organisation's tracking algorithms but when it judges them to be a real and present danger.
Target tracking and engagement is further enhanced by a sophisticated thermal imaging organisation to assist improve targeting. This organisation operates in the viii-12 micron wavelength range and is mounted on a stabilizing pedestal fastened to the weapon's chief antenna radome.
It provides very reliable night-and-day passive search and tracking while also improving the overall anti-air warfare operation of the system in multi-path environments.
Other tracking systems integrated into the Centurion C-RAM arrangement include Northrop Grumman's AN/TPQ-36 short-range Firefinder radar and the Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar, to notice and track fired rounds. This hardware is controlled past fire-command subsystems, like Northrop Grumman Mission Systems' Forward Surface area Air Defense Command and Control (FAAD C2) organisation, which ties together the sensors and weapons of the Army'southward brusk-range air-defense battalions.
How much does C-RAM toll?
Every bit you lot might expect, such a sophisticated piece of kit does non come cheap. Each C-RAM arrangement costs somewhere in the region of $10 to $xv 1000000 depending on the last spec of the units purchased.
But that is just the cost to initially acquire the technology. With such a massive rate of fire, this unit of measurement literally "burns through" bullets. Depending on the number of munitions spent, A typical engagement with a single missile could range from between $30,000 and $60,000 dollars.
Some other estimates put the figure at around $xl,000 per missile. This is not simply costly from a fabric point of view but is also 1 of the main disadvantages of the arrangement.
By spending and then much ammo on a single threat, a limited armament supply will theoretically limit the number of threats that the unit of measurement can engage at a given time. By some estimates, this might hateful that the Centurian C-RAM might have a maximum anti-RAM cap of about 5 incoming rounds earlier needing to be reloaded.
The organisation has another perceived weaknesses likewise. For example, information technology takes around 5 seconds to acquire, lock on to, and engage a threat. Information technology as well has a fairly short effective range of between 109 to 1093 yards (100 and 1000 meters).
These weaknesses aside, information technology has shown itself to be 1 of the most constructive anti-missile, mortar, and artillery defense systems in the globe. For this reason, information technology will likely remain an important player for many armed forces effectually the world for many years to come.
Source: https://interestingengineering.com/c-ram-an-advanced-automated-point-defense-gatling-gun
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